Chemical Names And Etmyologies
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( June 2009) At the time of their discovery, there was an element naming controversy as to what (particularly) the elements from 103 to 109 were to be called.At last, a committee of the (IUPAC) resolved the dispute and adopted one name for each element. They also adopted a temporary.Element 103 ( Lr) IUPAC ratified the name lawrencium ( Lr) in honor of during a meeting in; the name was preferred by the.Element 104 ( Rf) The in (then, today Russia) named element 104 kurchatovium ( Ku) in honor of, father of the Soviet atomic bomb. But the, US, named element 104 rutherfordium ( Rf) in honor of.In 1997 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 104 be named rutherfordium.Element 105 ( Db) The in (a Russian city north of Moscow), proposed naming element 105 nielsbohrium ( Ns) after, while the suggested the name hahnium ( Ha) in honor of.IUPAC recommended that element 105 be named dubnium, after Dubna.Element 106 ( Sg) The element was discovered almost simultaneously by two laboratories. In June 1974, a team led by at the at reported producing the isotope 259106, and in September 1974, an American research team led by at the at the University of California, Berkeley reported creating the isotope 263106.Because their work was independently confirmed first, the Americans suggested the name seaborgium ( Sg) in honor of, an American chemist. This name was extremely controversial because Seaborg was still alive.An international committee decided in 1992 that the Berkeley and Dubna laboratories should share credit for the discovery.An element naming controversy erupted and as a result IUPAC adopted unnilhexium ( Unh) as a temporary, systematic element name.In 1994 a committee of IUPAC adopted a rule that no element can be named after a living person.
This ruling was fiercely objected to by the.Seaborg and Ghiorso pointed out that precedents had been set in the naming of elements 99 and 100 as ( Es) and ( Fm) during the lives of and, although these names were not publicly announced until after Einstein and Fermi's deaths. In 1997, as part of a compromise involving elements 104 to 108, the name seaborgium for element 106 was recognized internationally.Element 107 ( Bh) Some suggested the name nielsbohrium ( Ns), in honor of (this was separate from the proposal of the same name for element 105). IUPAC adopted unnilseptium ( Uns) as a temporary systematic element name. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 107 be named bohrium ( Bh), also in honor of Niels Bohr but using his surname only. While this conforms to the names of other elements honoring individuals where only the surname is taken, it was opposed by many who were concerned that it could be confused with, which is called borium in some languages including Latin. Despite this, the name bohrium for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997.Element 108 ( Hs) IUPAC adopted unniloctium ( Uno) as a temporary, systematic element name.In 1997 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named hassium ( Hs), in honor of the German state of (or Hassia in Latin). This state includes the city of, which is home to the where several new elements were discovered or confirmed.
The element name was accepted internationally.Element 109 ( Mt) IUPAC adopted unnilennium ( Une) as a temporary, systematic element name. While meitnerium was discussed in the naming controversy, it was the only proposal and thus never disputed.
Related: Real Meaning of 45 popular Brand Names. Amidst all the hoopla of new brands and established business names, you will need ideas for a catchy name for Water Purifier company to make sure that your product stands out. The name of a business is an essential aspect of the entire marketing and branding strategy. Chemical nomenclature, replete as it is with compounds with complex names, is a repository for some very peculiar and sometimes startling names. A browse through the Physical Constants of Organic Compounds in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (a fundamental resource) will reveal not just the whimsical work of chemists, but the sometimes peculiar compound names that occur as the.
Chemical nomenclature is far too big a topic to treat comprehensively, and it would be a useless diversion to attempt to do so in a beginning course; most chemistry students pick up chemical names and the rules governing them as they go along.But we can hardly talk about chemistry without mentioning some chemical substances, all of which do have names— and often, more than one! All we will try to do here is cover what you need to know to make sense of first-year chemistry.For those of you who plan to go on in chemistry, the really fun stuff comes later! Most people can associate the name ammonia (NH 3) with a gas having a pungent odor; the systematic name 'nitrogen trihydride' (which is rarely used) will tell you its formula. What it will not tell you is that smokefrom burning camel dung (the staple fuel of North Africa) condenses on cool surfaces to form a crystalline deposit.
The ancient Romans first noticed this on the walls and ceiling of the temple that the Egyptians had built to the Sun-godAmun in Thebes, and they named the material sal ammoniac, meaning 'salt of Amun'. In 1774, Joseph Priestly (the discoverer of oxygen) found that heating sal ammoniac produced a gas with a pungent odor, which a T. Bergman named 'ammonia'eight years later. Arabic alchemy has given us a number of chemical terms; for example, alcohol is believed to derive from Arabic al-khwl or al-ghawl whose original meaning was a metallic powder used to darken women'seyelids ( kohl).Alcohol entered the English language in the 17th Century with the meaning of a 'sublimated' substance, then became the 'pure spirit' of anything, and only became associated with 'spirit of wine' in 1753. Finally, in 1852, it becomea part of chemical nomenclature that denoted a. But it's still common practice to refer to the specific substance CH 3CH 2OH as 'alcohol'rather then its systematic name ethanol.The general practice among chemists is to use the more common chemical names whenever it is practical to do so, especially in spoken or informal written communication.
For many of the very simplest compounds (including most of those youwill encounter in a first-year course), the systematic and common names are the same, but where there is a difference and if the context permits it, the common name is usually preferred. Some names are more common than othersMany of the 'common' names we refer to in this lesson are known and used mainly by the scientific community. Chemical substances that are employed in the home, the arts, or in industry have acquired traditional or 'popular' names thatare still in wide use.
Many, like sal ammoniac mentioned above, have fascinating stories to tell. 2 Names and symbols of the ElementsNaming of chemical substances begins with the names of the elements. The discoverer of an element has traditionally had the right to name it, and one can find some interesting human and cultural history in these names,many of which refer to the element's properties or to geographic locations. Only some of the more recently-discovered (and artificially produced) elements are named after people. Element namesymbolLatin nameantimonySbstibiumcopperCucuprumgoldAuaurumironFeferrumleadPbplumbummercuryHghydrargyrumpotassiumKkaliumsodiumNanatriumtinSnstannumSome elements were not really 'discovered', but have been known since ancient times; many of these have symbols that are derived from the Latin names of the elements. There are nine elements whose Latin-derived symbols you are expected to know.What is the oldest mention of a particular element? One candidate is the ancient Jewish legend of the destruction of by brimstone (sulfur)as recorded in Genesis 19:24: ' Then the Lord rained upon Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven.'
There is a lot of history and tradition in many of these names. For example, the Latin name for,hydrargyrum, means 'water silver', or quicksilver. The appellation 'quack', as applied to an incompetent physician, is a corruption of the Flemish word for quicksilver, and derives from the use of mercury compounds in17th century medicine. The name 'mercury' is of and is of course derived from the name of the after whom the planet is named; the enigmatic properties of the element, at the same time metallic, fluid, and vaporizable, suggest the same messenger with the winged feet who circles through the heavens close to the sun. Where did the names of the other chemical elements come from? Find out from.Names of the elements in other languagesThe element we know as strontium is called Stroncij in Croation, Stronsiyum in Kurdish, Estroncio in Spanish, and istiruntiyum in Arabic.If gems like this fascinate you, have a look at the, which is all about the origins of the element names, not just in English, but in 97different languages.For information on naming elements in Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese, see.An excellent guide to chemical nomenclature can be found on this.
3 Naming the binary molecules For more help on nomenclature, see the section on videos near the bottom of this page.The system used for naming chemical substances depends on the nature of the molecular units making up the compound. These are usually either ions or molecules; different rules apply to each. In this section, we discuss the simplest binary(two-atom) molecules. Numbers in namesIt is often necessary to distinguish between compounds in which the same elements are present in different proportions; carbon monoxide CO and carbon dioxide CO 2 are familiarto everyone.
Chemists, perhaps hoping it will legitimize them as scholars, employ Greek (of sometimes Latin) prefixes to designate numbers within names; you will encounter these frequently, and you should know them:You will occasionally see names such as dihydrogen and dichlorine used to distinguish the common forms of these elements (H 2, Cl 2) fromthe atoms that have the same name when it is required for clarity. 4 Naming the chemical ionsAn ion is an electrically charged atom or molecule— that is, one in which the number of electrons differs from the number of nuclear protons. Many simple compounds can be regarded, at least in a formal way, as being madeup of a pair of ions having opposite charge signs.
CationsThe positive ions, also known as cations, are mostly those of metallic elements which simply take the name of the element itself. CalciumsodiummagnesiumcadmiumpotassiumCa 2+Na +Mg 2+Cd 2+K +The only important non-metallic cations you need to know about are hydrogenhydroniumammoniumH +H 3O +NH 4 +(Later on, when you study acids and bases, you will learn that the first two represent the same chemical species.) Multivalent cationsSome of the metallic ions are multivalent, meaning that they can exhibit more than one electric charge. For these there are systematic names that use Roman numerals, and the much older and less cumbersome common names that mostlyemploy the Latin names of the elements, using the endings - ous and - ic to denote the lower and higher charges, respectively.
(In cases where more than two charge values are possible, the systematic names are used.)The only ones you need to know in this course are the following: Cu +Cu 2+Fe 2+Fe 3+. Hg 2 2+Hg 2+Sn 2+Sn 4+copper(I)copper(II)iron(II)iron(III)mercury(I)mercury(II)tin(II)tin(IV)cuprouscupricferrousferricmercurousmercuricstannousstannic. The mercurous ion is a unique double cation that is sometimes incorrectly represented as Hg +.
AnionsThe non-metallic elements generally form negative ions ( anions). The names of the monatomic anions all end with the -ide suffix: Cl –S 2–O 2–C 4–I –H –chloridesulfideoxidecarbideiodidehydrideThere are a number of important polyatomic anions which, for naming purposes, can be divided into several categories. A few follow the pattern for the monatomic anions: OH –CN –O 2 –hydroxidecyanideperoxideOxyanionsThe most common oxygen-containing anions ( oxyanions) have names ending in -ate, but if a variant containing a small number of oxygen atoms exists, it takes the suffix -ite. CO 3 2–NO 3 –NO 2 –SO 4 2–SO 3 2–PO 4 3–carbonatenitratenitritesulfatesulfitephosphateThe above ions (with the exception of nitrate) can also combine with H+ to produce 'acid' forms having smaller negative charges.
Latin Names Of Elements Pdf
For rather obscure historic reasons, some of them have common names that begin with -bi which, althoughofficially discouraged, are still in wide use: ionsystematic namecommon nameHCO 3 –hydrogen carbonatebicarbonateHSO 4 –hydrogen sulfatebisulfateHSO 3 –hydrogen sulfitebisulfiteChlorine, and to a smaller extent bromine and iodine, form a more extensive series of oxyanions that requires a somewhat more intricate naming convention: ClO –ClO 2 –ClO 3 –ClO 4 –hypochloritechloritechlorateperchlorate. 5 Names of ion-derived compoundsThese compounds are formally derived from positive ions ( cations) and negative ions ( anions) in a ratio that gives an electrically neutral unit. SaltsSalts, of which ordinary 'salt' (sodium chloride) is the most common example, are all solids under ordinary conditions. A small number of these (such as NaCl) do retain their component ions and are properly called 'ionic solids'.
In manycases, however, the ions lose their electrically charged character and form largely-non-ionic solids such as CuCl 2 which is described. The term 'ion-derived solids' encompassesboth of these classes of compounds.Most of the cations and anions described above can combine to form solid compounds that are usually known as salts. The one overriding requirement is that the resulting compound must be electrically neutral: thus the ions Ca 2+ and Br – combine only in a 1:2 ratio to form calcium bromide, CaBr 2. Because no other simplest formula is possible, there is no need to name it 'calcium dibromide'.Since some metallic elements form cations having different positive charges, the names of ionic compounds derived from these elements must contain some indication of the cation charge. The older method uses the suffixes -ous and-ic to denote the lower and higher charges, respectively.
Chemical Names And Etmyologies Symptoms
In the cases of iron and copper, the Latin names of the elements are used: ferrous, cupric.This system is still widely used, although it has been officially supplanted by the more precise, if slightly cumbersome Stock system in which one indicates the cationic charge (actually, the oxidation number) by means of Roman numeralsfollowing the symbol for the cation. In both systems, the name of the anion ends in - ide. Formulasystematic namecommon nameCuClcopper(I) chloridecuprous chlorideCuCl 2copper(II) chloridecupric chlorideHg 2Clmercury(I) chloridemercurous chlorideHgOmercury(II) oxidemercuric oxideFeSiron(II) sulfideferrous sulfideFe 2S 3iron(III) sulfideferric sulfideAcidsMost acids can be regarded as a combination of a hydrogen ion H + with an anion; the name of the anion is reflected in the name of the acid. Notice, in the case of the oxyacids, how the anion suffixes -ate and -ite become -ic and -ous, respectively, in the acid name. Yes, chemistry has a grammar much like that of any other language— and quite a lot of it is irregular! Anionanion nameacidacid nameCl –chloride ionHClhydrochloric acidCO 3 2–carbonate ionH 2CO 3carbonic acidNO 2 –nitrite ionHNO 2nitrous acidNO 3 –nitrate ionHNO 3nitric acidSO 3 2–sulfite ionH 2SO 3sulfurous acidSO 4 2–sulfate ionH 2SO 4sulfuric acidCH 3COO –acetate ionCH 3COOHacetic acid. 6 Naming organic compoundsSince organic (carbon) compounds constitute the vast majority of all known chemical substances, organic nomenclature is a huge subject in itself.
We present here only the very basic part of it that you need to know in first-year chemistry—much more awaits those of you who are to experience the pleasures of an organic chemistry course later on. Specifying carbon chain lengthThe simplest organic compounds are built of straight chains of carbon atoms which are named by means of prefixes that denote the number of carbons in the chain.
Using the convention C nto denote a straight chain of n atoms (don't even ask about branched chains!), the prefixes for chain lengths from 1 through 10 are given here: C 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 8C 9C 10meth-eth-prop-but-pent-hex-hept-oct-non-dec-As you can see, chains from C 5 onward use Greek number prefixes, so you don't have a lot new to learn here. The simplest of these compounds are hydrocarbons having the general formula C nH 2 n+2.They are known generically as alkanes, and their names all combine the appropriate numerical prefix with the ending -ane: CH 4C 2H 6C 3H 8C 8H 18CC–CC–C–CC–C–C–C–C–C–C–CmethaneethanepropaneoctaneAll carbon atoms must have four bonds attached to them; notice the common convention of not showing hydrogen atoms explicitly.
Functional groupsBy replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms of a carbon chain with the appropriate functional group, various classes of compounds can be obtained. To keep things as simple as possible, we give examples only for straight-chain alkaneswith one substituent.
Chemical Names And Etymologies
Note also that in C 3 and higher chains, the substituent can be in more than one location, thus giving rise to numerous isomers. Alcohols: the hydroxyl group formulacommon namesystematic nameCH 3OHmethyl alcoholmethanolCH 3CH 2OHethyl alcoholethanolC 8H 15OHoctyl alcoholoctanolAcids: The carboxyl group formulacommon namesystematic nameHCOOHformic acidmethanoic acidCH 3COOHacetic acidethanoic acidC 4H 9COOHbutyric acidbutanoic acidA few others.
ClassexamplenameaminemethylamineCH 3NH 2ketoneacetone (dimethylketone)CH 3-CO-CH 3etherdiethyl etherC 2H 5-O-C 2H 5. What you should be able to doDifferent instructors set out widely varying requirements for chemical nomenclature. The following are probably the most commonly expected:.
You should know the name and symbols of at least the first twenty elements, as well as all of the halogen and noble gas groups (groups 17-18). Name any binary molecule, using the standard prefixes for 1-10. All of the commonly-encountered ions. Salts and other ion-derived compounds, including the acids listed here. In some courses you will not need to know the -ous/-ic names for salts of copper, iron, etc., but in others you will.
Find out from your instructor which organic compounds you must be able to name. Chem1 Naming Chemical Substances covers Introduction to chemical nomenclature for a course inGeneral Chemistry. It is part of the General Chemistry Virtual Textbook, a free, online reference textbook for General Chemistry by Stephen Lower of Simon Fraser University.This chapter covers the following topics: Names and symbols of the elements, common and systematic names, naming binary molecules, numbers in names, naming ions, salts and acids, organic compounds.
It can be accesseddirectly at.This material is directed mainly at the first-year college level, but much of it is also suitable for high-school students. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.Chem1 Virtual Textbook home & main menu:;Download the Chem1 Virtual Textbook from or from the Archive at.